No one is ever fully prepared to hear a diagnosis of breast cancer, yet it remains the most common cancer diagnosed in women worldwide [1]. It is a deeply personal journey that transcends clinical terminology and hospital visits.
While the exact “trigger” for an individual’s cancer is often difficult to isolate, understanding the multifactorial nature of breast cancer causes can empower patients to make informed health decisions. This guide explores the current scientific understanding of etiology, established risk factors, and the transition into survivorship.
What Causes Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer originates when the DNA within breast cells undergoes mutations, causing them to proliferate uncontrollably [2]. These abnormal cells eventually form a tumor that can invade surrounding tissue or spread to other parts of the body.
In clinical practice, we view the causes of breast cancer through several lenses:
- Genetic Predispositions: Approximately 5% to 10% of breast cancers are linked to inherited gene mutations, most notably BRCA1 and BRCA2 [3]. These genes normally function to repair DNA; when mutated, the risk of malignancy increases significantly.
- Hormonal Influence: Prolonged exposure to endogenous estrogen and progesterone is a documented contributing factor [4]. Factors such as early menarche (before age 12), late menopause (after age 55), or the use of certain combined hormone replacement therapies (HRT) can influence this risk.
- Environmental & Lifestyle Factors: While not direct “causes” in isolation, factors such as high alcohol consumption, sedentary behavior, and obesity (particularly post-menopause) create a physiological environment conducive to cancer development [1].
Also Read : Navigating Breast Cancer Surgery: Choosing Between Lumpectomy and Mastectomy
Common Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
It is vital to distinguish between “causes” and “risk factors.” Having a risk factor does not guarantee a diagnosis, just as the absence of factors does not guarantee immunity.
- Age and Biological Sex: The risk of breast cancer increases with age, with most cases diagnosed in patients over 50 [1]. While rare, men can also develop breast cancer.
- Family History: A first-degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) with a history of breast or ovarian cancer may double an individual’s risk.
- Dense Breast Tissue: Patients with dense breasts on a mammogram have a higher risk of cancer and may face challenges in early detection, as dense tissue can mask small tumors [5].
Radiation Exposure: Prior radiation therapy to the chest area (e.g., for Hodgkin’s lymphoma) during childhood or young adulthood increases subsequent risk.
Understanding these factors allows for a personalized screening approach, such as starting mammograms earlier or utilizing MRI for those at high risk.
Also Read : Different Types Of Breast Cancer Treatments
Life After Breast Cancer Treatment
Completing active treatment is a major milestone, often symbolized by the ringing of a bell. However, the transition from “patient” to “survivor” brings its own set of unique challenges.
Physical Recovery and Monitoring
Survivorship care involves managing the long-term side effects of treatment, such as lymphedema (swelling), fatigue, or bone density loss from hormonal therapies [6]. Physical therapy and structured exercise programs are highly effective in restoring range of motion and reducing cancer-related fatigue.
Emotional and Psychological Wellness
The “fear of recurrence” is a significant psychological burden for many survivors. Integrating mental health support—through counseling or survivor networks—is as critical to recovery as the clinical treatment itself [6].
Establishing a “New Normal”
Recovery is not necessarily a return to one’s pre-cancer state but a transition into a life focused on proactive health. This includes:
- A Balanced Diet: Emphasizing plant-based foods and lean proteins.
- Physical Activity: Consistent, moderate exercise has been shown to improve survival outcomes and quality of life in breast cancer survivors [7].
- Routine Surveillance: Adhering to follow-up schedules is essential for monitoring health and ensuring any changes are addressed immediately.
Also Read : Breast Cancer & Early Stage Detection: Onco-Life Cancer Centre
References
- American Cancer Society. (2024). Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2024. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-common-is-breast-cancer.html
- National Cancer Institute. (2023). What Is Cancer? https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer
- Mayo Clinic. (2023). BRCA gene test for breast cancer risk. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/brca-gene-test/about/pac-20384815
- World Health Organization. (2023). Breast Cancer. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). What Is Breast Density? https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/breast-density.htm
- Runowicz, C. D., et al. (2016). American Cancer Society/American Society of Clinical Oncology Breast Cancer Survivorship Care Guideline. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 66(1), 43-73. https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21319
- Schmitz, K. H., et al. (2019). Physical Activity Guidelines for Cancer Survivors. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31626270/
Disclaimer
The information provided in this blog is for educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Blog- Breast Cancer: Understanding Causes, Risk Factors, and Life After Treatment
Does Sugar Cause Breast Cancer?
There is no direct evidence that eating sugar causes cancer to grow. However, a high-sugar diet can lead to weight gain, and obesity is a known risk factor for several types of cancer [1].
Can Underarm Deodorants Or Underwire Bras Cause Breast Cancer?
According to the National Cancer Institute, there is no scientific evidence linking the use of underarm antiperspirants or wearing underwire bras to the development of breast cancer.
Is Breast Cancer Always Hereditary?
No. In fact, the majority of women diagnosed with breast cancer (about 85–90%) have no family history of the disease. These cases result from acquired (somatic) gene mutations that happen over time [3].
