Introduction
Understanding what contributes to blood cancer helps with awareness, timely medical evaluation, and informed decision-making. While the exact cause is not fully known, researchers have identified several genetic, environmental, and lifestyle-related risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing blood cancer [1].
This guide provides a balanced, evidence-based explanation of what is currently known about the causes and risk factors of blood cancer, without making unsupported claims.
What Is Blood Cancer?
Blood cancers (haematologic malignancies) occur when genetic mutations disrupt normal blood cell development in the bone marrow, leading to uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells [1].
There are three major types:
Leukaemia
Affects the blood and bone marrow.
Lymphoma
Develops in the lymphatic system.
Multiple Myeloma
Begins in plasma cells in the bone marrow.
All blood cancers interfere with the production or function of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets, which may result in fatigue, infections, or bleeding tendencies [2].
Primary Causes of Blood Cancer: Genetic Factors
Genetic mutations—either inherited or acquired—play a significant role in the development of blood cancers [3].
Inherited conditions that increase risk include:
- Down syndrome
- Fanconi anaemia
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Additionally, premalignant conditions such as MGUS (Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance) can progress to multiple myeloma in a subset of individuals [4].
Read Also : How Blood Cancer Affects the Body: Symptoms, and Treatment
Environmental Exposures
Radiation
High-dose exposure to ionising radiation from nuclear events or prior cancer treatments increases the risk of leukaemia, particularly acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) [5].
Chemicals
Long-term exposure to benzene—commonly found in petrochemical industries—is a well-established risk factor for AML and other blood cancers [6].
Certain pesticides and industrial chemicals have also been associated with lymphoma risk, although evidence varies by compound [7].
Smoking
Smoking is a recognised risk factor for AML due to carcinogenic chemicals that damage bone marrow DNA [8].
Lifestyle-Associated Factors
Although lifestyle alone does not cause blood cancer, factors such as obesity are associated with a higher risk of multiple myeloma and certain leukaemias [9].
A diet low in nutrients, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption may contribute to general cancer risk but are not considered primary causative factors for blood cancers.
Risk Factors That Influence Blood Cancer Development
Age, Gender, and Family History
The risk of developing blood cancer increases with age, especially after 60 years [1].
Some blood cancers show higher prevalence in men than women, although the reason is not fully understood [2].
A family history of lymphoma or leukaemia can modestly increase overall risk [3].
Medical Conditions and Immunity
Individuals with compromised immune systems—due to autoimmune disorders, HIV infection, or long-term immunosuppressive therapy—have an increased risk of lymphoma and certain leukaemias [10].
Previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also increase the likelihood of developing secondary blood cancers later in life [5].
Viral Infections
Specific viral infections are established risk factors:
- Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) – linked to Hodgkin lymphoma and some non-Hodgkin lymphomas [11].
- HTLV-1 (Human T-cell Leukaemia Virus-1) – causes adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma [12].
- HIV – does not directly cause blood cancer but increases lymphoma risk due to weakened immunity [10].
How Environment and Lifestyle Influence Risk
Environmental exposures and daily habits may not directly cause blood cancer, but they can increase susceptibility when combined with genetic predisposition.
- Smoking: Strongly linked to AML [8].
- Workplace chemicals: Benzene, formaldehyde, and certain pesticides elevate risk [6].
- Obesity: Increases multiple myeloma risk [9].
- Radiation exposure: High cumulative exposure increases leukaemia risk [5].
Early Detection and Risk Reduction
Why Early Detection Matters
Although there is no single screening test for blood cancer, early evaluation of persistent symptoms—such as fatigue, repeated infections, abnormal bruising, or unexplained weight loss—can support timely diagnosis and improved outcomes [2].
Ways to Reduce Risk
While blood cancer cannot always be prevented, certain steps can help lower overall risk:
- Maintain a healthy weight.
- Avoid smoking and heavy alcohol use.
- Limit exposure to industrial chemicals and unnecessary radiation.
- Use protective gear in high-exposure workplaces.
- Discuss regular follow-ups if you have a genetic condition or have undergone prior cancer treatment.
These measures may not eliminate risk but can contribute to better overall health and awareness.
Specialists & Consultation
Early detection begins with consulting an experienced oncologist who can evaluate symptoms, recommend appropriate tests, and guide timely treatment decisions. If you notice persistent or unexplained symptoms, seeking expert medical advice is an important step toward early diagnosis and better outcomes.
Conclusion
Blood cancer develops due to a combination of genetic changes, environmental exposures, immune system alterations, and lifestyle factors. Understanding these elements can help individuals make informed health decisions and consult their doctor when concerns arise [1].
While not all cases are preventable, awareness of risk factors and timely medical attention can support early diagnosis and improved outcomes.
DISCLAIMER
This article is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the guidance of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions regarding a medical condition.
References
- American Cancer Society. (2024). What causes blood cancer? https://www.cancer.org
- National Cancer Institute. (2024). Blood cancers overview. https://www.cancer.gov
- Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. (2023). Risk factors for blood cancers. https://www.lls.org
- Mayo Clinic. (2024). MGUS and multiple myeloma progression. https://www.mayoclinic.org
- World Health Organization. (2023). Ionizing radiation and cancer risk. https://www.who.int
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Benzene exposure and health risks. https://www.cdc.gov
- International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2024). Carcinogenic evaluations: Pesticides. https://www.iarc.who.int
- U.S. Surgeon General. (2023). Smoking and AML risk. https://www.hhs.gov
- American Institute for Cancer Research. (2024). Obesity and cancer risk. https://www.aicr.org
- CDC. (2024). HIV and cancer risk. https://www.cdc.gov
- WHO. (2024). Epstein–Barr Virus and lymphoma. https://www.who.int
- CDC. (2024). HTLV-1 and blood cancers. https://www.cdc.gov
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Blog- Exploring the Causes and Risk Factors of Blood Cancer
Can Blood Cancer Be Inherited?
While most cases are not inherited, certain genetic syndromes such as Down syndrome or Fanconi anaemia can increase risk.
Does Radiation From X-Rays Cause Blood Cancer?
Routine diagnostic imaging uses low radiation doses and is not linked to blood cancer. Only high-dose exposure increases risk.
Can Lifestyle Changes Prevent Blood Cancer?
Lifestyle cannot fully prevent blood cancer, but avoiding smoking, maintaining healthy weight, and limiting chemical exposure can lower general cancer risk.
What Symptoms Should I Watch For?
Fatigue, frequent infections, bruising, bone pain, or unexplained weight loss warrant medical evaluation.
Is Blood Cancer Curable?
Many blood cancers are treatable, and some are curable depending on type and stage.
